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<title>Administrative-command system</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Administrative-command system</span></span>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #CC0000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul>

<li><a href="Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-revisionism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="Anti-revisionism (Marxism–Leninism)">Anti-revisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Planned_economy#Central_planning" title="Planned economy">Central planning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li>

<li><a href="Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">Commanding heights of the economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialectical_logic" title="Dialectical logic">Dialectical logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Intensification of the class struggle<br>under socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_aristocracy" title="Labor aristocracy">Labor aristocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li>

<li><a href="One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li>

<li><a href="Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">Partiinost'</a></li>

<li><a href="Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li>

<li><a href="Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_war" title="People's war">Protracted people's war</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">Socialist patriotism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugoslavism#Socialist_Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Communist_state" title="Communist state">State</a>

<ul><li><a href="Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet republic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_the_productive_forces" title="Theory of the productive forces">Theory of the productive forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li>

<li><a href="Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Browderism" title="Browderism">Browderism</a></li>

<li><a href="Camilism" title="Camilism">Camilism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Fidelismo" title="Fidelismo">Fidelismo</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li>

<li><a href="Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kádárism</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaysone_Phomvihane_Thought" title="Kaysone Phomvihane Thought">Kaysone Phomvihane Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li>

<li><a href="Machelism" title="Machelism">Machelism</a></li>

<li><a href="Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Gonzalo Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Prachanda Path</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>

<li><a href="Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><b><a href="Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li>

<li><a href="William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">Foster</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Dimitrov</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Pollitt</a></li>

<li><a href="Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Browder</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Rákosi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Nosaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bierut</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Ulbricht</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Kaganovich</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li>

<li><a href="Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Choibalsan</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Ibárruri</a></li>

<li><a href="Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Gottwald</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Thorez</a></li>

<li><a href="Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Chervenkov</a></li>

<li><a href="Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Zachariadis</a></li>

<li><a href="W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Gomułka</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a></li>

<li><a href="Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li>

<li><a href="E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">Namboodiripad</a></li>

<li><a href="Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Zhivkov</a></li>

<li><a href="Khalid_Bakdash" title="Khalid Bakdash">Bakdash</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">Kádár</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Honecker</a></li>

<li><a href="Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Husák</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazar_Koli%C5%A1evski" title="Lazar Koliševski">Koliševski</a></li>

<li><a href="Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Qasim</a></li>

<li><a href="Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Taraki</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușescu</a></li>

<li><a href="Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Barre</a></li>

<li><a href="Man_Mohan_Adhikari" title="Man Mohan Adhikari">Adhikari</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone</a></li>

<li><a href="Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Jaruzelski</a></li>

<li><a href="D._N._Aidit" title="D. N. Aidit">Aidit</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Habash" title="George Habash">Habash</a></li>

<li><a href="Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang (Zemin)</a></li>

<li><a href="Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Garang" title="John Garang">Garang</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Kérékou</a></li>

<li><a href="Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Machel</a></li>

<li><a href="Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardial_Bains" title="Hardial Bains">Bains</a></li>

<li><a href="Rohana_Wijeweera" title="Rohana Wijeweera">Wijeweera</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Bishop</a></li>

<li><a href="Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Ortega</a></li>

<li><a href="%C4%B0brahim_Kaypakkaya" title="İbrahim Kaypakkaya">Kaypakkaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li>

<li><a href="Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Dahal</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<li><b><a href="Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Haywood</a></li>

<li><a href="Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Bettelheim</a></li>

<li><a href="Saroj_Dutta" title="Saroj Dutta">Dutta</a></li>

<li><a href="William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">Hinton</a></li>

<li><a href="Camilo_Torres_Restrepo" title="Camilo Torres Restrepo">Camilo</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Hirschman" title="Jack Hirschman">Hirschman</a></li>

<li><a href="Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li>

<li><a href="Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li>

<li><a href="Nina_Andreyeva" title="Nina Andreyeva">Andreyeva</a></li>

<li><a href="Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li>

<li><a href="Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Losurdo</a></li>

<li><a href="Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li>

<li><a href="Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">Avakian</a></li>

<li><a href="Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BA_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng" title="Nguyễn Phú Trọng">Trọng</a></li>

<li><a href="Anuradha_Ghandy" title="Anuradha Ghandy">Ghandy</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiang_Shigong" title="Jiang Shigong">Jiang (Shigong)</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;">

<ul><li><a href="Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1924)</span></li>

<li><a href="Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1938)</span></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party<br>of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1938)</span></li>

<li><a href="Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1951)</span></li>

<li><a href="A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1960)</span></li>

<li><a href="Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1960)</span></li>

<li><a href="Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1961)</span></li>

<li><a href="Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1964)</span></li>

<li><a href="President_Ho_Chi_Minh's_Testament" title="President Ho Chi Minh's Testament">President Ho Chi Minh's Testament</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1969)</span></li>

<li><a href="The_Governance_of_China" title="The Governance of China">The Governance of China</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2014)</span></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p>The <b>administrative-command system</b> (<a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Административно-командная система</span>, <small><a href="Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Administrativno-komandnaya sistema</i></span>), also known as the <b>command-administrative system</b>, is the system of management of an <a href="Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> of a <a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> characterized by the rigid <a href="Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">centralization</a> of <a href="Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a> and distribution of goods, based on the <a href="State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> of the <a href="Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and carried out by the governmental and <a href="Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> bureaucracies ("<a href="Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a>") in the absence of a <a href="Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>.

</p><p>The term is used to describe the <a href="Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">economy of the Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="Economies_of_the_Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Economies of the Soviet Bloc">economies of the Soviet Bloc</a> which closely followed the <a href="Soviet_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet model">Soviet model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilhelm_1985_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilhelm_1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Socialist_Planning_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Socialist_Planning-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 2004 book <i>The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives</i>, <a href="Paul_Roderick_Gregory" title="Paul Roderick Gregory">Paul Roderick Gregory</a> argues that the <a href="Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> was due to the inherent drawbacks of the system, namely poor planning, low expertise of planners, unreliable supply lines, conflict between planners and producers and the dictatorial chain of command. Gregory writes that "the system was managed by thousands of '<a href="Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalins</a>' in a nested dictatorship".

</p><p>Historian <a href="Robert_Vincent_Daniels" title="Robert Vincent Daniels">Robert Vincent Daniels</a> regarded the <a href="Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> period to represent an abrupt break with Lenin's government in terms of economic planning in which a deliberated, <a href="Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific system</a> of planning that featured former <a href="Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Menshevik</a> <a href="Economists" class="mw-redirect" title="Economists">economists</a> at <a href="Gosplan" title="Gosplan">Gosplan</a> had been replaced with a hasty version of planning with unrealistic targets, bureaucratic waste, <a href="Bottleneck_(production)" title="Bottleneck (production)">bottlenecks</a> and <a href="Shortages" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortages">shortages</a>. Stalin's formulations of national plans in terms of physical quantity of output was also attributed by Daniels as a source for the stagnant levels of efficiency and quality.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_term">History of the term</h2></div>

<p>Already in 1985, John Howard's article "The Soviet Union has an administered, not a planned, economy" argued that the common description of the <a href="Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a> as <a href="Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> is misleading. While central planning did play an important role, the Soviet economy was <i>de facto</i> characterized by the priority of highly centralized management over planning. Therefore, he writes the correct term would be "centrally managed" rather than "centrally planned" economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilhelm_1985_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilhelm_1985-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term <i>administrative system</i> was introduced by Russian economist <a href="Gavriil_Kharitonovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov">Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov</a> during the <i><a href="Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> period in the Soviet Union as the title of a section in his 1987 article "From the Point of View of an Economist"<sup id="cite_ref-diq_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diq-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which analyzed the novel of <a href="Alexander_Bek" title="Alexander Bek">Alexander Bek</a>, <i>New Assignment</i> banned in the Soviet Union. It was published in Russian in 1986 with the beginning of <i>perestroika</i> and was widely discussed in the society.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was picked up by <a href="Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, who used the expression "administrative-command system" in his November 2, 1987 speech.<sup id="cite_ref-diq_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diq-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was further expounded in Popov's 1990 collection of his essays <i>Блеск и нищета административной системы</i> [<i>The Splendors and Miseries of the Administrative System</i>].<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Cameralism" title="Cameralism">Cameralism</a>, German science of administration in the 18th and early 19th centuries that aimed at strong management of a centralized economy for mainly the state's benefit, closely associated with the development of bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy of the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a></li>

<li><a href="State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="State_socialism" title="State socialism">State socialism</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1985" class="citation journal cs1">Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy". <i><a href="Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Soviet Studies</a></i>. <b>37</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">118–</span>130. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668138508411571">10.1080/09668138508411571</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/151614">151614</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Socialist_Planning-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Socialist_Planning_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEllman2007" class="citation book cs1">Ellman, Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul; Kołodko, Grzegorz W.; Uvalić, Milica (eds.). <i>Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 22. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-230-54697-4</bdi>. <q>Realization of these facts led in the 1970s and 1980s to the development of new terms to describe what had previously been (and still were in United Nations publications) referred to as the 'centrally planned economies'. In the USA in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population [...].</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2002" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=stalin+abortion+criminalised&pg=PA94"><i>The End of the Communist Revolution</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">90–</span>92. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-134-92607-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-diq-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diq_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diq_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Словарь современных цитат</i> [<i>Dictionary of Modern Quotations</i>], 2020, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>5425049846</bdi> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WSBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT821">p. 821</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Gavriil_Kharitonovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov">Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov</a> "From the Point of View of an Economist" ([S tochki zreniya ekonomista]), <i><a href="Science_and_Life_(Russian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Life (Russian)">Science and Life</a></i>, no. 4, 1987</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Олейник А.Н, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ekonomika-kak-triller-o-knige-yu-l-latyninoy-promzona/viewer">"Экономика как триллер. О книге Ю.Л. Латыниной «Промзона»"</a>, <i>Mir Rossii</i> [<i>The World of Russia</i>], no.4., 2003</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note</i>: The title <i>The Splendors and Miseries of the Administrative System</i> is a pun with <i><a href="The_Splendors_and_Miseries_of_Courtesans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Splendors and Miseries of Courtesans">The Splendors and Miseries of Courtesans </a></i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWakefield2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wakefield, Andre (2005-05-01). "Books, Bureaus, and the Historiography of Cameralism". <i>European Journal of Law and Economics</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">310–</span>312, <span class="nowrap">318–</span>319. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10657-005-6640-z">10.1007/s10657-005-6640-z</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0929-1261">0929-1261</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144013696">144013696</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Paul_Roderick_Gregory" title="Paul Roderick Gregory">Paul Roderick Gregory</a>, <i>The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives</i>. 2004</li>

<li>Paul Roderick Gregory, Robert C. Stuart, <i>The Global Economy and Its Economic Systems</i>, 2013, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1285657373</bdi>, Chapter 14: "The Soviet Command Economy", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdEWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA381">P. 381</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marxism–Leninism424" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marxism–Leninism424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">Central planning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">Commanding heights of the economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Developed_socialism" title="Developed socialism">Developed socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialectical_logic" title="Dialectical logic">Dialectical logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_aristocracy" title="Labor aristocracy">Labour aristocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">Partiinost'</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="People's democracy">People's democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_democratic_revolution" title="People's democratic revolution">People's democratic revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li>

<li><a href="Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">Socialist patriotism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_the_productive_forces" title="Theory of the productive forces">Theory of the productive forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a></li>

<li><a href="Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="People's_democratic_state" title="People's democratic state">People's democratic state</a></li>

<li><a href="National_democratic_state" title="National democratic state">National democratic state</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_state_(communism)" title="Socialist state (communism)">Socialist state</a></li>

<li><a href="State_of_socialist_orientation" title="State of socialist orientation">State of socialist orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_state_of_the_whole_people" title="Socialist state of the whole people">Socialist state of the whole people</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">People's democratic dictatorship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Communist_party" title="Communist party">Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_committee" title="Central committee">Central committee</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party">General Secretary of the Communist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a></li>

<li><a href="Secretariat_(administrative_office)" title="Secretariat (administrative office)">Secretariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Communist_state" title="Communist state">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Permanent_organ_of_the_supreme_state_organ_of_power" title="Permanent organ of the supreme state organ of power">Permanent organ of the supreme state organ of power</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_committees_of_the_supreme_state_organ_of_power" title="Special committees of the supreme state organ of power">Special committees of the supreme state organ of power</a></li>

<li><a href="Supreme_executive_and_administrative_organ" title="Supreme executive and administrative organ">Supreme executive and administrative organ</a></li>

<li><a href="Supreme_state_organ_of_power" title="Supreme state organ of power">Supreme state organ of power</a></li>

<li><a href="Leading_role_of_the_party" title="Leading role of the party">Leading role of the party</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_belt" title="Transmission belt">Transmission belt</a></li>

<li><a href="Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li>

<li><a href="Unified_state_apparatus" title="Unified state apparatus">Unified state apparatus</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Civilian_control_of_the_military_in_communist_states" title="Civilian control of the military in communist states">Civilian control of the military</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li>

<li><a href="Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Cuban</a></li>

<li>(<i><a href="Fidelismo" title="Fidelismo">Fidelismo</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li>

<li>(<a href="Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideology_of_the_Workers'_Party_of_Korea#Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea">Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideology_of_the_Workers'_Party_of_Korea#Kimjongunism" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea">Kimjongunism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li>

<li><a href="Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Gonzalo Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Naxalism" title="Naxalism">Naxalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Prachanda Path</a></li>

<li><a href="Mao-spontex" title="Mao-spontex">Mao-spontex</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_Soilih#Revolutionary_program" title="Ali Soilih">Islamic Maoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantherism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantherism">Pantherism</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">New Synthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Kwilu_rebellion#Mulelism" title="Kwilu rebellion">Mulelism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Kaysone_Phomvihane_Thought" title="Kaysone Phomvihane Thought">Kaysone Phomvihane Thought</a></li>

<li><a href="National_communism" title="National communism">National</a></li>

<li><a href="Pol_Pot#Political_ideology" title="Pol Pot">Pol Potism</a></li>

<li><a href="African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Machelism" title="Machelism">Machelism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="People's_Multiparty_Democracy" title="People's Multiparty Democracy">People's Multiparty Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">American</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Browderism" title="Browderism">Browderism</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Marcyism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Communist_movement" title="New Communist movement">New Communism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Socialism_with_a_human_face" title="Socialism with a human face">Dubčekism</a></li>

<li><a href="Zachariadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zachariadism">Zachariadism</a></li>

<li><a href="Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li>

<li><a href="Taistoism" title="Taistoism">Taistoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li>

<li>(<a href="%C4%90ilasism" title="Đilasism">Đilasism</a></li>

<li><a href="Rankovi%C4%87ism" title="Rankovićism">Rankovićism</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Maclean_(Scottish_socialist)" title="John Maclean (Scottish socialist)">John Maclean</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Maurice Thorez</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajani_Palme_Dutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajani Palme Dutt">Rajani Palme Dutt</a></li>

<li><a href="V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a></li>

<li><a href="Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li>

<li><a href="Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li>

<li><a href="Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li>

<li><a href="Willie_Gallacher_(politician)" title="Willie Gallacher (politician)">Willie Gallacher</a></li>

<li><a href="Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li>

<li><a href="Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li>

<li><a href="Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li>

<li><a href="Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a></li>

<li><a href="Khalid_Bakdash" title="Khalid Bakdash">Khalid Bakdash</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li>

<li><a href="Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li>

<li><a href="Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li>

<li><a href="Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li>

<li><a href="Agostinho_Neto" title="Agostinho Neto">Agostinho Neto</a></li>

<li><a href="Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Sanzō Nosaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li>

<li><a href="Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Maurice Bishop</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li>

<li><a href="W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li>

<li><a href="Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li>

<li><a href="Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li>

<li><a href="Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Alfonso Cano</a></li>

<li><a href="Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a></li>

<li><a href="Rohana_Wijeweera" title="Rohana Wijeweera">Rohana Wijeweera</a></li>

<li><a href="Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Abimael Guzmán</a></li>

<li><a href="Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li>

<li><a href="Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Britain's_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">Britain's Road to Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li>

<li><a href="A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li>

<li><a href="Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<a href="History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Break_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li>

<li><a href="Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">China</a> (<a href="History_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–present</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li>

<li><a href="De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li>

<li><a href="Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>

<li><a href="Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li>

<li><a href="Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite insurgency</a></li>

<li><a href="New_People's_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency in Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict in Peru</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Cambodia#Democratic_Kampuchea_(Khmer_Rouge_era)_(1975–79)" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (<a href="Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a>)</li>

<li><a href="China" title="China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li>

<li><a href="Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="Czech_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Czech_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Czech Republic (1990–1992)">Czechia</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Slovak_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Slovak Republic (1990–1992)">Slovakia</a>)</li>

<li><a href="East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_People's_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_People's_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_People's_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<a href="Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li>